Viruses are agents that lack the ability to reproduce on their own, so they become parasites of living cells to grow, causing various diseases in animal and plant organisms. They are tinier than a fungus or bacteria and are only seen by a very powerful electron microscope.

Biological classification is difficult because they do not have the cellular structure of all living things, they lack nutritional functions (not requiring power to develop any activity or material to grow) and are unable to stay alive themselves, as the virus outside of a cell behaves as a particle called virion lifeless, but once their genetic material enters a host cell, it becomes a parasite species able to multiply or replicate, as experts say in the matter (virologists).

Most of these organisms are made up of genetic load (deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) and an outer shell composed of proteins that is constantly changing in order to confuse the organisms that host them. Other viruses have a genetic code based on ribonucleic acid (RNA) and use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, and are therefore known as a retrovirus.

Viruses and retroviruses are too small, and since the genetic information they carry can not afford to play like other living beings, should take by assault the mechanisms of a cell or microorganisms such as bacteria and use some of their enzymes to generate new virus This process is known as viral infection.

According to the agent causing the infection, the cell will die after making replicas or alter their metabolism to the point that the same cell to lose control of their normal division and become cancerous. There are also some viruses that incorporate some of their genetic information in the DNA of the host cell, but remain inactive or dormant until some alterations are allowed to emerge again.

Antibiotics will not do any damage to the virus, so the treatment of many viral diseases only relieves the symptoms instead of killing the causative agent.

Before you use antibiotics, it would be nice if you know what the side effects.

Selection of Antibiotic

Antibiotic is real against certain bacteria. Antibiotics are valuables to battle with expansive diversity of bacterial infections. It is against viral infections. There are 100 of beneficial antibiotics and some of them are penicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, amoxicillin etc. Most of the antibiotics have two names one stamp name and other trade name. Each antibiotic is operative only for certain types of infections and your surgeon are able to associate your wants with the open medicines.

Unable to fight

Antibiotics are powerless to fight with some infections caused by viruses like colds, flu, most coughs, bronchitis, and sore throat and by band.

Side effects of Antibiotics

Some of the antibiotics have section property are flexible chair or diarrhea. Patient also felt a mild disarray of stomach. You can also tell some periphery effects such as stern bland diarrhea, reaction, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and colorless patches on tongue, swallowing of lips and face, tinniest of breath and vaginal eager.

Benefits Antibiotic

If you coalesce the antibiotics, it can be sometimes valuable to remedy Spartan infections. In initial time of trouble, when the bacterium’s sensitivity to antibiotics is not known it can show beneficial. Combination’s are also important for those infections in which the bacterium promptly develops resistance to a solitary antibiotic. Infections caused by more than one bacterium, in which each bacterium is susceptible to a different antibiotic are also treated with a combination of antibiotics.

Misuse of Antibiotics

Antibiotics can be sometimes untouched and that includes stoppage to take the full prescribed course of the antibiotic or failed to rest for sufficient recovery to permit clearance of the infecting creature. These types of practices may simplify the development of bacterial populations with antibiotic resistance. Common form of antibiotic maltreat is inappropriate antibiotic conduct.

The inoculum or “seed” for large fermentation tanks from 20,000 to 115,000 liters of capacity is prepared by the development of a stock culture of the fungus from spores that are dried on a substrate of nutrient agar. Several liters of culture medium, generally constitutes about 5 to 10% of the total, are prepared in a series of reservoirs and serve as seed for planting a large fermentation Cuba.

The four main phases of the production of penicillin are:

* Fermentation
* Separation of fermentation broth and mycelium extract of penicillin by means of solvents.
* Solvent Purification and training of the sodium salt of penicillin.
* Testing testing, storage and sale.

The breeding ground for fermentation is obtained by aqueous infusion of corn, adding a 2 to 3% lactose, and inorganic compounds are also added containing hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen and traces of iron , copper and zinc. The addition of certain compounds that promote growth of the fungus should be avoided as they may be tolerated when administering the product, serious economic or disposal. After adjusting the pH to 4.5-5.0, the culture medium is passed to the fermenter, which is equipped with a vertical agitator, with an introduction of air system filter sterilized and coils to maintain the desired temperature. The fungus enters through sterile pipes using compressed air. During growth the medium is sterilized with steam under pressure, and temperature is kept between 23 and 25 º C. The sterile air allows aerobic fungal growth, and agitation facilitates uniform distribution within the liquid. It requires a volume of air per minute per volume of culture medium. The process is controlled intervals ranging between 3 and 6 hours after 50 to 90 hours growth is slowing, indicating that the fungus has been fully developed. The mass is cooled to 5 ° C. because of the instability of penicillin at room temperature, and separated the mycelium in a rotating drum filter.

In the old process, penicillin was extracted from the filtrate by adsorption on charcoal. It eluía amyl acetate, the eluate concentrated once cooled to 0 ° C and acidified to pH 2.0 with an organic acid. In the solvent extraction process is skipped the step of adsorption with active carbon and the filtrate (called “beer”) is adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid in the same drive. It makes a continuous countercurrent extraction with amyl acetate and then with chloroform, concentrating on successive Podbielniak type centrifugal pumps, and the final liquid is treated with phosphate buffer and sodium bicarbonate to form the sodium salt. This product is sterilized by filtration and removes water and other asépticamente98 solvent crystallization, which is obtained crystalline penicillin, once dry can be packed in polythene bags or in glass or stainless steel.
Immunizing biologicals

Another area deals with bacterial vaccines, live vaccines and antitoxins. The immunity to a disease is accomplished by stimulating the formation of specific antibodies or by administration of antibodies previously formed.

This group includes vaccines for typhoid fever, plague, diphtheria, tetanus, influenza virus, mumps, polio, rabies, smallpox and typhus. The vaccine of influenza virus is unique, it is a mixture of two or more races, each of which is produced and tested separately, and that comes from cultures supplied by the National Institutes of Health. The virus comes in a blister properly prepared it is diluted 100,000 times in eggs inoculated before.

The actual cycle of production begins to give birth to first fertile eggs are examined under the light, then disinfected by applying a solution of iodine and finally drilled a small strawberry. The virus is introduced through this small hole is sealed with collodion and incubated at 37.2 º C for 48hs. It removes a circular section of the outside of the egg and extract the live virus allantoic fluid is separated from the egg fluid by centrifugation, so that the heavier viral particles are sedimented at the bottom of the centrifuge tube. Collect the virus and resuspended in saline solution. The live virus is inactivated by treatment with formalin at 40 ° C for 24h.

Penicillin and its beneficial properties were discovered accidentally by famed British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928, who realized that the presence of certain fungi on bacterial cultures inhibited their growth. However, in order to produce large amounts of the antibiotic was necessary cooperation and contributions of other great bacteriologists, also British, as Ernst Boris Chain and Howard Walter Florey.

Penicillin is able to effectively fight the bacteria responsible for causing many diseases, among which we find the pneumococci, streptococci, gonococci, meningococci, the clostridium tetani and the spirochete. The last two are responsible for causing tetanus and syphilis, respectively.

Usually, when a patient is given penicillin are many risks to, however, if there is any complication, it could prove to be quite severe. Among the dangers are more serious anaphylactic reactions, in other words it is a dangerous allergic reaction to this antibiotic. If it says this type of allergy to penicillin, it is likely that the patient has similar reactions with the full range of drugs of this type. However, the consequences of allergic reactions are much weaker if penicillin has been administered by mouth instead of being administered intravenously.

Because of the serious consequences of this allergy is extremely important that those who suffer from this condition always carry some form of identification indicating that they are allergic to penicillin.

Antibiotics

The production system in 1943 was known by the method of surface, the fungus grew on the surface of a thin layer of culture medium placed in trays or bottles. In 1944, with the development of the business method of submerged fermentation, reduced space requirements and work identified a huge reduction in cost.